Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms worldwide and accounts for more deaths than any other cancer. The clinicopathological profile of lung cancer has shown marked regional and geographical variation. Aims: We aimed to compare the demographic and pathological profile of lung cancer patients from North India with other Indian and International series. Setting and Design: A retrospective study over a period of 5 years from January 2008 to May 2013 was conducted in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Patients and Methods: A total of 397 newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer from January 2008 to May 2013 were included in the study. The clinical, demographic, and pathological features were reviewed and compared with other major National and International reports. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software (SPSS Inc. Released 2009. PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc. Results: A total of 397 patients (86% men, mean age 57.8 years) were studied. The ratio of men to women was 7.4. Majority of patients (78.3%) were current/previous smokers. Small cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 14.6% (58) of patients while 85.4% (339) had nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Within NSCLC, the most common histology types were squamous cell carcinoma (30%), followed closely by adenocarcinoma (ADC) (28.3%) and large cell carcinoma (1.7%). Majority (87%) of the patient were staged III and IV. About 30.1% patients received anti-tubercular treatment during the current episode before a diagnosis of lung cancer was made. Conclusion: The clinicopathological profile of lung cancer has undergone noticeable changes over the last four decades, especially in the increase in ADC incidence and their frequent presence in smokers. Lung cancer is often mistreated as tuberculosis in the Indian subcontinent and hence continues to be diagnosed late.

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Purpose: The purpose of the following study is to evaluate the efficacy of a twice-weekly hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy schedule in locally very advanced head and neck cancers. Materials and Methods: Patients with locally very advanced, head and neck cancers were prospectively evaluated after twice-weekly palliative radiotherapy regimen of 32 Gy in 8 fractions. Median age was 55.5 years and the predominant primary site was oral cavity (46%). Majority (70.6%) had Stage IV B disease. Disease related distressing symptoms such as pain, bleeding, skin fungation, respiratory symptoms due to tumor burden, were prospectively assessed before the start of treatment, at conclusion and at 6-12 weeks of completion of treatment. Results: A total of 126 patients were enrolled in the study. Ninety three (73.8%) patients who completed the planned treatment of 32 Gy in 8 fractions were included in the symptom analysis. Overall response rates were 42% at primary disease and 55% at nodal disease. At conclusion of radiotherapy 76.3% of the patients reported improvement in pain scores (P = 0.001) and 42.8% patients reported improvement in anxiety and depression levels (P = 0.001). At first follow-up after 6-12 weeks significant improvement in pain scores (P = 0.001) and anxiety/depression levels (P = 0.001) persisted. The median survival of the patients was 5.5 months. Acute grade III mucositis was seen in one patient (1.2%) while none had grade III skin reactions. Conclusion: The proposed radiotherapy regimen is effective for sustained symptom palliation with low acute toxicity in locally very advanced head and neck cancers. It delivers a moderately high dose while being logistically simpler for the patient.

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Introduction: Linear accelerator (Linac) based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) has been used for treating small intracranial lesions. Recent development in the Linacs such as inbuilt micro multileaf collimator (MLC) and flattening filter free (FFF) beam are intended to provide a better dose conformity and faster delivery when using VMAT technique. This study was aimed to compare the dosimetric outcomes and monitor units (MUs) of the stereotactic treatment plans for different commercially available MLC models and beam profiles. Materials and Methods: Ten patients having 12 planning target volume (PTV)/gross target volume's (GTVs) who received the SRS/SRT treatment in our clinic using Axesse Linac (considered reference arm gold standard) were considered for this study. The test arms comprised of plans using Elekta Agility with FFF, Elekta Agility with the plane beam, Elekta APEX, Varian Millennium 120, Varian Millennium 120HD, and Elekta Synergy in Monaco treatment planning system. Planning constraints and calculation grid spacing were not altered in the test plans. To objectively evaluate the efficacy of MLC-beam model, the resultant dosimetric outcomes were subtracted from the reference arm parameters. Results: V95%, V100%, V105%, D1%, maximum dose, and mean dose of PTV/GTV showed a maximum inter MLC - beam model variation of 1.5% and 2% for PTV and GTV, respectively. Average PTV conformity index and heterogeneity index shows a variation in the range 0.56–0.63 and 1.08–1.11, respectively. Mean dose difference (excluding Axesse) for all organs varied between 1.1 cGy and 74.8 cGy (mean dose = 6.1 cGy standard deviation [SD] = 26.9 cGy) and 1.7 cGy–194.5 cGy (mean dose 16.1 cGy SD = 57.2 cGy) for single and multiple fraction, respectively. Conclusion: The dosimetry of VMAT-based SRS/SRT treatment plan had minimal dependence on MLC and beam model variations. All tested MLC and beam model could fulfil the desired PTV coverage and organs at risk dose constraints. The only notable difference was the halving of the MU for FFF beam as compared to the plane beam. This has the potential to reduce the total patient on couch time by 15% (approximately 2 min).

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Background: Controversy surrounds regarding the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral precancerous and cancerous lesions in India where smokeless, tobacco consumption is rampant. Aims: The present study was carried out with an aim to investigate the presence and type of HPV infection in oropharyngeal leukoplakia and to determine the association of HPV positivity with various patient and lesion characteristics. Settings and Design: Prospective case series. Materials and Methods: A total of fifty confirmed cases of oral leukoplakia (OL), aged 18–55 years were enrolled in the study. Specimens were obtained from the site of lesion. All the specimens were subjected to histopathological analysis and HPV-16, 18 detection was done using real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Results: Mean age of patients was 34.00 ± 8.85. Majority were males (62%), from middle social class (78%) and were educated up to graduation or above (54%). All the patients had one or more adverse habits (betel, chewing tobacco, smoking and alcohol) with mean duration of disease was 3.53 ± 3.05 years. Five patients (10%) had diabetes. Burning sensation (86%) and trismus (36%) were the reported complaints. Maximum were Stage II (50%), sized 2–4 cm² (60%), homogenous (70%). Floor of mouth and tongue were most commonly involved sites (50%). Majority had mild dysplasia (58%). Acanthosis (66%), hyperplasia (62%), koliocytosis (40%), and keratosis (98%) were quite common. HPV (16/18) could not be detected in any specimen. Conclusions: The present study highlighted the fact that association of HPV with oral leukoplakia seems to be overestimated and needs to be reexamined with consensus Human papilloma virus (HPV) primers to detect HPV types with more valid empirical relationships.

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Introduction: Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecological cancers and the fourth most common cancer in the female. Although clinical evaluation with diagnostic imaging has not yet proved to be accurate enough in the evaluation of tumor extent to replace surgical staging, it may enable optimization of the surgical procedure and a better tailored therapeutic strategy. This study will review the characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in endometrial carcinomas in the pre-operative staging of endometrial carcinomas and compare it with the newly revised Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging scheme of 2009 based on post-operative surgical histopathology. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of 36 patients diagnosed and treated for endometrial carcinoma in our institute from January 2009 to December 2012. Results: Majority of the patients (61%) were between the age group of 41-60 years. Most of the patients (72%) were postmenopausal at the time of presentation. Most common histopathology of endometrial carcinoma was endometroid adenocarcinoma (27 patients, 75%). FIGO staging of 12 patients (85.7%) showed concordance with MRI Staging for Stage Ia, with up-gradation of two patients to Stage Ib. Conclusion: The information provided by MRI can define prognosis, help planning the surgical approach and identify those patients requiring neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

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Background: The objectives of the present study were to compare the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer on serum insulin levels, serum leptin levels, and body composition in early stage breast cancer patients.Materials and Methods: 17 breast cancer patients underwent 6 cycles of docetaxel (75 mg), epirubicine (100 mg) and cyclophosphamide (500 mg) (TEC). Anthropometrical and foot-to-foot body fat analyzer BIA, serum glucose, insulin, lipids, HOMA-IR and leptin were compared pre- and post-treatment. Results: There was no statistically significant weight gain after treatment; however, there was an overall trend toward weight gain (69.7 ± 9.8 kg vs 71.03 ± 9.8; P= 0.05). From baseline to the end of the study, percentage of body fat and body fat mass showed an upward trend at the end of chemotherapy (1%; 2 kg P> 0.05). Pre and post-treatment period, leptin was strongly correlated with insulin and HOMA-IR (Spearman's pre-T; r = 0.74; P <0.001, r = 0.66; P = 0.004 post-T; r = 0.549; P =0.022, r = 0.51; P =0.036, respectively). Insulin levels were significantly increased in the post-treatment period (P < 0.05). On correlation analysis, post-T insulin levels were correlated with leptin, weight, fat-mass and fat percentage (Spearman's r = 0.549; P=.022, r = 0.567; P= 0.018, r = 0.498, P= 0.042, r = 0.502; P= 0.040, respectively). DISCUSSION: High insulin and leptin levels, important factors that were previously shown to be related to breast cancer outcome, and insulin resistance may be increased in taxane based chemotherapy regimen. These data may have broad implications for diet and lifestyle strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancers.

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Introduction: The study aimed to investigate the interplay between Monte Carlo Variance (MCV) and fluence smoothing factor (FSF) in volumetric modulated arc therapy treatment planning by using a sample set of complex treatment planning cases and a X-ray Voxel Monte Carlo–based treatment planning system equipped with tools to tune fluence smoothness as well as MCV. Materials and Methods: The dosimetric (dose to tumor volume, and organ at risk) and physical characteristic (treatment time, number of segments, and so on) of a set 45 treatment plans for all combinations of 1%, 3%, 5% MCV and 1, 3, 5 FSF were evaluated for five carcinoma esophagus cases under the study. Result: Increase in FSF reduce the treatment time. Variation of MCV and FSF gives a highest planning target volume (PTV), heart and lung dose variation of 3.6%, 12.8% and 4.3%, respectively. The heart dose variation was highest among all organs at risk. Highest variation of spinal cord dose was 0.6 Gy. Conclusion: Variation of MCV and FSF influences the organ at risk (OAR) doses significantly but not PTV coverage and dose homogeneity. Variation in FSF causes difference in dosimetric and physical parameters for the treatment plans but variation of MCV does not. MCV 3% or less do not improve the plan quality significantly (physical and clinical) compared with MCV greater than 3%. The use of MCV between 3% and 5% gives similar results as 1% with lesser calculation time. Minimally detected differences in plan quality suggest that the optimum FSF can be set between 3 and 5.

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Background: Cytology smears and guided biopsies are the most widely used diagnostic standards for cervical cancer (CC) screening in the developing countries. Aim: To evaluate the performance of conventional cytology in estimating the presence and grade of cervical disease against the reference standard of histopathology. Settings and Design: After primary screening for CC, directed biopsies were performed and compared with histopathology results. Materials and Methods: Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and biopsies from 3194 women in the age group of 14-98 years were included. Cytology results were provided by doctors who performed the cervical biopsies. Statistical Analysis: The accuracy of Pap smear was measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) calculated using the statistical analysis program PSPP 0.7.8. Results: The sensitivity of conventional cytology (Pap smear) for women with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or less serious lesions (CIN1-) was 93% and specificity was 73%. The sensitivity and specificity of cytology for women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer (CIN2+) was 64% and 84%, respectively. Conclusion: Cytology is a sufficiently sensitive test for detection of cervical lesions and can be used as a primary testing tool to triage.

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Context: Melanoma accounts for 1-3% of all malignancies. It is usually diagnosed as metastasis in the draining lymph nodes, that is inguinal lymph node. Due to paucity of cytological studies on melanoma in India, the present study was undertaken. AIM: To study the cytomorphology of malignant melanoma and to correlate the cytological diagnosis with histopathology and clinical details. Settings and Design: Sixteen cytomorphological features were studied and analysed from the cases diagnosed as melanoma on cytology with histopathological correlation. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with malignant melanoma on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were studied over a period of 10 years and compared by histopathology. Papanicolaou (Pap)- and May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG)-stained smears were studied and analysed for the cytomorphological spectrum of melanoma. Results: Among the 30 patients studied, males were 19 and females were 11 (M:F:1.7:1) with a mean age of 49.3 years. The commonest primary site was foot followed by maxilla and thigh. The most common site for metastasis was inguinal lymph node. All 30 cases had histopathological correlation. Pigmented melanophages (83%) was the predominant feature followed by presence of melanin pigment (77%) and pseudo-inclusions (73%). Condensed chromatin was observed in the majority of the patients (53%). Smooth and irregular nuclear contours were seen in combination in 37% of the cases. A combination of nuclear placement, that is eccentric and central was observed as a predominant feature (53%). Spindle cell pattern was the predominant shape. Among cytoplasmic features, melanin granules and vacuoles were equally distributed (50%). Mixed pattern, that is singly scattered plasmacytoid cell pattern and cell clusters was the predominant cell architecture. Conclusion: A spectrum of cytomorphological features in correlation with clinical details leads to greater precision in diagnosis and helps to avoid pitfalls in diagnosing melanoma.

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Objectives: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are rare highly aggressive neoplasms. The diagnosis is made by histopathology with the support of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and cytogenetics. The aggressive multimodality treatment is recommended for the management of these tumors. The purpose of our study is to review our experiences in the diagnoses and treatment of PNET of the kidneys. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of all the patients, who were treated for the PNET of the kidneys at our institute between April and March 2011 and compared with the available literature. Results: A total of eight patients were treated for PNET of the kidney. Out of the eight patients, four were males and four females. Nearly 50% of our patients had inferior vena caval thrombus at the time of presentation. The diagnosis was made on histopathology supported by IHC. Out of the eight patients, one patient had intraoperative death due to massive pulmonary thromboembolism and another died on the 7^th post-operative day due to disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. Rest six patients were treated with post-operative chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For these six patients, overall median survival was 45 months with a 3 year disease-free survival of 66% and 5 year survival of 44%. Conclusions: PNET of the kidneys are rare peripheral neuroectodermal tumors with an aggressive clinical course. These tumors carry a very poor prognosis. An aggressive treatment approach using a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy is recommended for a reasonable survival in these tumors.

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Background: This retrospective study was performed in a tertiary care center from India analyzing the histopathological reports and the clinical data of the adult patients admitted in this institute with a diagnosis of renal tumors and had undergone nephrectomy for the disease. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the relative frequencies of different renal tumors in adults (above the age of 16 years) and to analyze the histopathological characters of the tumors. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we have analyzed the histopathology reports along with the demographic and clinical data of the adult patients who had undergone nephrectomy for renal tumors in our institute from January 2005 to December 2011. Results: A total 113 adult patients underwent tumor nephrectomy during the last 7 years in our institute. Mean age of the patients was 54.5 years (range 16-69 years). Male:Female ratio was 1.9:1. Out of 131 cases of adult renal tumors, 91.6% cases were malignant and 8.45 cases were benign tumors. Among the malignant tumors, renal cell carcinoma was the most common type. There were 2 cases of renal primitive neuroectodermal tumors and one case of renal myofibroblastoma in our series. Conclusion: The spectrum of adult renal tumors in this series is consistent with the other series of cases reported by different authors. Only few cases of the renal tumors were diagnosed incidentally among our patients which is just opposite to the rate of renal tumors diagnosed incidentally in the developed countries. Myofibroblastoma, a benign kidney tumor diagnosed in our series is probably the first reported case in the world.

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Background: Cancer cervix is the leading cause of cancer deaths in females in developing countries and one in five women suffering from cervical cancer lives in India. Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the awareness about cervical cancer and Pap smear among nurses working in a tertiary care institute. Study Setting and Design: Cross-sectional survey in a tertiary care institute. Materials and Methods: Nurses working at our institute excluding those who have worked or working in the Obstetrics and Gynecology department were provided with a pre-designed questionnaire testing their knowledge about cervical cancer. Results: Approximately, 86% were aware about cancer cervix and 69% were aware of a pre-cancerous stage. 42.3% were not aware of any risk factor and 27.6% were not aware of any symptom of cancer cervix. 86.2% were aware about Pap smear, but only 58.6% were aware that facilities of Pap smear were available at our hospital. Conclusions: Knowledge about cervical cancer and awareness of Pap smear as screening test was inadequate in nursing staff. Awareness programs about cervical cancer and screening are needed to increase awareness for this preventable condition. Recommendation: There is a need to arrange reorientation programs to sensitize nurses and establish cytology clinics to offer facilities for easily accessible and affordable screening.

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Objective: The objective of this study is to rationalize the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of high dose rate (HDR) cobalt 60 (Co-60) source versus 192-Iridium (192-Ir) source brachytherapy in government funded hospitals and treatment interruption gap because of exchange of sources. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of gynecological cancer patients, treated by radiotherapy with curative intent between April 2005 and September 2012 was conducted. We analyzed the total number of patients treated for external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy (Intracavitary brachytherapy or cylindrical vaginal source). The dates for 192-Ir sources installation and the last date and first date of brachytherapy procedure before and after source installation respectively were also analyzed and calculated the gap in days for brachytherapy interruptions. Results: The study was analyzed the records of 2005 to September 2012 year where eight 192-Ir sources were installed. The mean gap between treatment interruptions was 123.12 days (range 1-647 days). The Institutional incidence of gynecological cancer where radiotherapy was treatment modality (except ovary) is 34.9 percent. Around 52.25 percent of patients who received EBRT at this institute were referred to outside hospital for brachytherapy because of unavailability of Iridium source. The cost for 5 year duration for single cobalt source is approximately 20-22 lakhs while for 15 Iridium sources is approximately 52-53 lakhs. Conclusion: The combined HDR Co-60 brachytherapy and EBRT provide a useful modality in the treatment of gynecological cancer where radiotherapy is indicated, the treatment interruption because of source exchange is longer and can be minimized by using cobalt source as it is cost-effective and has 5 year working life. Thus, Co-60 source for brachytherapy is a feasible option for government funded hospitals in developing countries.

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Background: Several obstacles impede oncologists from performing clinical trials in the developing world. This study aimed to identify these barriers in order of importance and suggest possible remedial measures. Materials and Methods: Design – cross-sectional survey. Two part questionnaire capturing experience of oncologists in practice and conducting trials (Part 1) and perceived barriers pertaining to investigator (training, time), patient (strict follow-up protocol), infrastructure (funds) and professional environment (encouragement from seniors) (Part 2) were administered to oncologists in two different settings: (1) Online portal (Survey Monkey) (2) In person during a national conference (Best of American Society of Clinical Oncology). Responses were captured on a Likert scale (1–5). Results:(436/3021) 14.04% responded. A total of 313 (71.8%) had experience in conducting trials, but these were mainly industry-sponsored or small nonpractice changing studies. Lack of patient follow-up was the most significant barrier (inter quartile range [IQR] 4–5) followed by inadequate training, time and funds (IQR 2–5) and lack of encouragement (IQR 2–4) in decreasing order of frequency. Lack of adequate training was a barrier across all specialties (113 [71.97%] radiation oncologists, 71 [60.68%] medical oncologists and 73 [71.56%] surgical oncologists). More than half of the respondents without experience in clinical trials worked in academic institutions (50.48%). They perceived time constraint as a barrier more than their counterparts into private practice (175/242 [72.31%] vs. 119/177 [66.47%] respectively). Conclusion: Inability to maintain patient follow-up, lack of protected time and funds, inadequate training were the most significant barriers. Most of these can be addressed.

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Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the one of the dreadful urological carcinoma. In comparison to the West, it is very rarely seen in Asia as well in India. Very small number of studies is available in this geographical area. Aims: We studied the demographic pattern, presentation, risk factors and survival of RCC in an Eastern Indian institution. We characterized and compared these data with available literature Settings and Design: Retrospective study. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 patients of RCC from January 2008 to December 2012 were enrolled. Their pre-operative data were reviewed. They were followed as per institutional follow-up protocol. Statistical Analysis Used: Kaplan-Meier plot was constructed for survival analysis. Comparison of survival curves was performed by Logrank test. P < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: A total of 75 patients were analyzed with a mean follow-up of 26.3 ± 17.7 months. The mean age of presentation in our study was 52.79 years with a peak at 5^th decade. Nearly 73.33% patients having one or more risk factors. 9 out of 10 had presented with some symptoms. The survival for localized RCC was 100% and significantly greater than advanced RCC (P < 0.0001). Similarly in the stage III, significant greater survival (P < 0.0001) was noted compare to stage IV. Conclusions: The age of presentation of RCC in India has been found in 5^th decade, which is a decade earlier than the western countries. Symptomatic RCC is still majority in India. Organ confined tumors have good prognosis. When it metastasizes to lymph node or distant organ, the outcome is poor. Our results may form the basis for further studies and it may be used as future reference.

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Background: The 5-year survival rate for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is estimated to be <10%. RCC is highly resistant to chemotherapy. Targeted agents are now first choice of therapy for metastatic RCC such as sunitinib and sorafenib. Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of 15 patients having metastatic RCC treated with sunitinib. Apart from three patients, all had clear cell histology. Thirteen patients received dosage of 50 mg/d (4 weeks on/2 weeks off cycles). In 14 patients sunitinib was used as 1^st line. The primary end point was objective response rate. Secondary end points were progression free survival (PFS) and safety. Results: Until date of reporting, 3 out of 15 patients are currently on sunitinib. The most common Memorial Sloan = Kettering Cancer Centre poor prognostic factor was an interval of <1 year between diagnosis and starting of treatment (80%). The objective response rate was 13.66% (complete response [CR] + partial response [PR] = 0 + 2). Clinical benefit rate (CR + PR + stable disease) was 60% (n = 9). Median PFS in this study was 7.5 months, with a range of 2-22 month. Median overall survival (OS) of patients in this study was 12 months with a range of 3-24 month. An impact of the dose or/and number of cycles on response was seen in this study, with patients having average cycles >3 showing better response rates, PFS and OS. Major toxicities seen were fatigue ( n= 7), diarrhea (n = 3) and skin rash (n = 4) with majority patients experienced Grade 1-2 toxicities. While Grade 3-4 toxicities include fatigue (n = 1), mucositis (n = 1) and nausea (n = 1). Conclusions: These results confirm efficacy and safety profile of sunitinib in metastatic RCC, particularly as a first line. Sunitinib produced a 60% disease control rate for metastatic RCC in Indian patients, with acceptable rates of toxicity at a dose of 50 mg daily. Response rates were well matched to other studies confirming the efficacy of sunitinib.

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The development of targeted agents has expanded the anticancer arsenal available to oncologists and revolutionized the field of cancer treatment. In patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), small molecule targeted therapies have improved clinical outcomes compared with cytokine-based treatments. Sunitinib malate is one such drug that has demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This oral, multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor is approved for use in multiple countries for the treatment of advanced RCC and gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients who have progressed on imatinib therapy. In patients with advanced RCC, sunitinib significantly improves clinical outcomes with a favorable safety profile compared with conventional treatment with interferon-a. The clinically proven treatment and safety outcomes have led investigators to evaluate the merits of sunitinib therapy in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting in patients with mRCC. In the neoadjuvant setting, preliminary data suggest that sunitinib can effectively reduce the primary tumor and facilitate surgical resection in patients with locally advanced and mRCC. Post-operative complications were observed in some patients, but the overall safety profile and efficacy suggests that mRCC patients with surgically inoperable tumors may benefit from neoadjuvant sunitinib therapy. Ongoing clinical trials should provide insight into the value of sunitinib as adjuvant therapy.

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Objectives: To explore alternate modality of treatment in patients of advanced cancer cervix by neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by External Beam Radiotherapy (ERT) and Brachytherapy (BT). Short- (6 months) and long- (12 months) term follow-up data from these patients were compared with the retrospective data from an urban cancer centre, where standard protocol of concurrent chemo-radiotherapy is practiced. Materials and Methods: Two hundred patients of advanced cervical cancer, treated at our rural cancer centre between January 2007 and December 2007, were included in the study arm (Group A). These patients received three cycles of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with Cisplatin, Bleomycin, and Vincristine before External-Beam Radiotherapy (EBT) followed by brachytherapy. Patients in the control arm (Group B) of an urban cancer centre, received EBT with weekly concomitant Cisplatin, followed by brachytherapy. Short- (6 months) and long- (12 months) term follow-up data from our patients were compared with the retrospective data from the urban cancer centre. Results and Analysis: Complete response rate was comparatively higher among patients of Group A, also correspondingly proportion of patients showing progressive disease and stable disease was lower among them. Local treatment failure was 87.5% among patients from Group A and 94.4% in Group B patients. Concomitant chemoradiation (CRT) was associated with more GI toxicities. Conclusion: Our result suggests NACT arm is as effective as CRT arm in respect of complete response with less pelvic failure and G.I toxicities. Further follow-up data are needed before arriving at a definite conclusion.

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Context: Early detection of oral premalignancy and malignancy using simple screening aids play a promising role in curbing the disease. Aim: The primary aim of this study is to evaluate and the secondary aim of this study is to compare the cytomorphometry and cellular atypia in keratinocytes obtained from oral rinse and conventional exfoliative cytology in normal oral mucosa and clinically diagnosed oral leukoplakia. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 55 clinically diagnosed cases of leukoplakia and 55 age and sex matched normal controls. Smears were prepared using oral rinse technique followed by the conventional exfoliative cytology. Papanicoloau stained smears were evaluated for atypia and subjected to image analysis. Based on the presence of atypia they were further divided into three groups (Group 1-cases with atypia, Group 2-without atypia and Group 3-normal controls) and analyzed. Statistical analysis used one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test for intergroup analysis and unpaired students t-test to compare the two methods. Results: Smears prepared with both methods demonstrated atypia in 18 cases. The cellular diameter and cellular area (CA) were progressively increased from Group 1 through Groups 2 and 3 in both the smears. Nuclear diameter and nuclear area and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio progressively decreased from Group 1 through Groups 2 and 3. Both the methods showed no significant differences among the cellular parameters except in normal controls. Conclusion: Cytomorphometric analysis of keratinocytes obtained with oral rinse method and wooden spatula can serve as a useful screening aid to detect oral leukoplakia. Oral rinse method being more convenient results in smears of better quality.

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Context: Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy among women in India. There is thus a need to identify unexplored risk factors such as occupational exposure to tobacco dust to justify its increasing trend so as to recommend suitable preventive measures. Aims: The aim was to study the association between occupational exposure to tobacco dust with development of carcinoma cervix. Settings and Design: Case-control study done in two tertiary care hospitals in Mangalore. Methodology: 239 histologically confirmed new cases of cervical cancer and the equivalent number of age-matched controls from 2011 to 2012 were interviewed about occupational history of beedi rolling and related factors. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test, unpaired t-test, logistic regression. Results: Exposure rate to tobacco dust following beedi rolling was 63 (26.4%) among cases and 38 (15.9%) among controls (P = 0.005, odds ratio [OR] =1.893). The latent period from occupational exposure of tobacco dust subsequent to beedi rolling and development of cervical cancer was found to be 26.5 ± 8.5 years. Adjusted OR of beedi rolling with development of cervical cancer was found to be 1.913 (P = 0.005) after controlling the confounding effect of tobacco usage and was 1.618 (P = 0.225) after controlling the effects of all confounders. Three-quarters of beedi rollers were working in conditions of inadequate ventilation and hardy anybody used face mask during work. About a quarter of participants underwent voluntary screening for cervical cancer. Conclusion: Occupational exposure to tobacco dust was found to be associated with risk of developing cervical cancer. Measures to promote awareness, timely screening of this disease along with the improvement in working conditions is required for improving the health status of beedi rollers and to minimize the incidence of carcinoma cervix in the community.

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Aim: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the eighth most common cause of cancer death. OSCC cells can easily invade tissues and metastasize to the cervical lymph nodes. Understanding the molecular basis of OSCC metastasis would facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to the disease. Materials and Methods: To identify the potential role of catenin (P120ctn) in the progression of OSCC, HN4 cells (derived from a primary OSCC) and HN12 cells (derived from a lymph node metastasis in the same patient) were used in the present study. The samples of 28 patients with OSCC were examined to determine the expression of P120ctn and E-cadherin (E-cad; E: Epithelial) in vivo. Then, P120ctn was subsequently knocked down in HN4 cells (HN4/shP120ctn) and overexpressed in HN12 cells (HN12/P120ctn). Invasion and migration capacity, as well as the expression of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers N-cadherin and vimentin were detected. Results: The results showed a positive correlation between the expression of P120ctn and E-cad in OSCC samples. The overexpression of P120ctn led to a decrease in both invasion and migration capacity of HN12 cells accompanied by a decrease in EMT markers. In contrast, knockdown of P120ctn led to an increase in both invasion and migration capacity accompanied by an increase in EMT markers. Conclusion: Considered together, we concluded that P120ctn might regulate EMT in OSCC through E-cad. The proper expression of P120ctn might therefore serve as a therapeutic goal for the inhibition of OSCC progression.

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Background: Renal cancer is one of the common malignant tumors of the urinary system, seriously threatening human being's health. The current discoveries, however, are far enough for efficient and secure treatment of renal cancer. Aims: The aim was to explore the mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) protein in renal carcinoma cell metastasis by bioinformatics analysis. Materials and Methods: Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the composition of amino acids, as well as transmembrane structure, coiled coils, subcellular localization, signal peptide, functions and structures at all levels. Results and Conclusions: It showed that the gene MMP-7 totally had 1131 bp. A peptide chain containing 267 amino acids was encoded in the coding region. Based on random coil, α helix, and further super-helix, it had formed a stable neutral hydrophilic protein. The subcellular location analysis indicated that the protein was located outside the cell. The mature peptide started from the 18^th amino acid, and its front-end was the sequence of the signal peptide, belonging to the secreted protein. Analysis of the functional domain showed that this protein had two functional domains, the PG binding domain, and the zinc finger binding domain. Moreover, the protein, which was cross-linked with it, was also one related to cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. To sum up, MMP-7 is a stable neutral hydrophilic secreted protein, and it may play a vital role in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells.

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Cigarette smoking leads to serious epidemics in humans, creating torsion of infection in epithelial cells lining the respiratory tracts. Several researchers in the recent past have theorized that the next generation sequencing (NGS), especially transcriptome sequencing has enhanced understanding lung cancers and other epithelial epidemics. Conversely, pathogenesis specific to lung cancer with respect to molecular fraction of genomic ribonucleic acid has some mutant effect in various populations like smokers with lung cancer, healthy never smokers and vice versa. We review the impending impact of NGS data while providing insights into the biology of lung cancer affecting various populations, which we believe would be an add-on service for predictive biology approaches. Furthermore, we conclude what would be the outcome of such analysis for Indian population. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using various tools. We identified five genes namely epidermal growth factor receptor, Kirsten rat sarcoma, adenomatosis polyposis down regulated-1, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein, gamma and Piezo type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 whose role was implicated in lung cancer and further analysis has to be performed to check whether or not the genes are indeed completely involved in causing lung cancer.

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Background: Positron emission tomography (PET) forms an integral part in work-up and follow-up of various malignancies. With the increased use of PET in oncology, finding of an incidental focal thyroid uptake (incidentaloma) is not unusual and presents a diagnostic challenge. Aim: The aim of the following study is to evaluate the frequency and radio-pathologic correlation of focal 18-fluoro deoxyglucose uptake (FDG) on PET within the thyroid from a large series. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of 37,000 consecutive patients who underwent FDG-PET at tertiary cancer center in India. Radiological, pathological, PET scan and follow-up details were evaluated. Statistical analyzes were carried out using Mann Whitney test and Pearson correlation. Results: Abnormal thyroid uptake was seen in 78 (0.2%) patients. Nearly 61 (0.16%) scans had focal and 17 (0.04%) had diffuse FDG uptake. A total of 57 patients with focal uptake were available for further evaluation. No further evaluation was done in 24 (42.1%) patients who had advanced index malignancy. Of the remaining 33 patients 26 were benign and seven were a cause for concern (four primary thyroid cancers, one follicular neoplasm with hurthle cell change and two metastatic cancers). There was no significant correlation in Standardized uptake value (SUV) max of benign and malignant lesion (P = 0.5 on Mann Whitney) or size (r = 0.087 Pearson correlation co-efficient P= 0.667). Conclusion: Incidence of PET incidentaloma is low in this large cohort of Indian patients. Nearly 27% of focal incidentaloma were malignant. There was no correlation between the SUVmax, size and malignancy.

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Perceptual voice evaluation is a common clinical tool for rating the severity of vocal quality impairment. It has been used in research as a gold standard for comparison with acoustic and aerodynamics measurements. Nevertheless, it has disadvantages in the form of being time-consuming, a group of raters is needed and last but not the least it is a subjective manner of evaluation. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability is an important issue in perceptual evaluations. Different perceptual scales have been developed to describe the quality of a patient's voice but none is internationally accepted. Although not entirely comprehensive, perceptual evaluations will be used as a standard against which other measures will be evaluated. Data were collected by conducting a computer-aided search of the MED-LINE and PUBMED databases, supplemented by hand searches of key journals. More than 50 articles in the last three decades on the topic have been reviewed out of which approximately 31 were found to be relevant to this article.

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Context: Radiotherapy is one of the important treatment modalities in the management of breast cancer. Aims: The aim of this study is to study the efficient treatment of breast cancer as related to the dose delivery. Materials and Methods: The human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) cells were cultured and exposed by 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 20 Gy of γ-rays. Radiation-induced cell death was detected and evaluated, using three assay methods: Cell viability, clonogenic cell survival assay and induction of apoptosis. The cell viability was determined using trypan blue staining, 24 and 72 h post-irradiation. The survival fraction (SF) was determined by colony counting, 14 days after exposure and the apoptotic cell death was determined using the TUNEL assay. Statistical Analysis Used: One- or two-way analysis of variance was deemed as appropriate, followed by relevant post t-test to determine P values. Results: The difference of MCF-7 cell death through increasing post-radiation time from 24 to 72 h following the dose of 1, 6 and 10 Gy was found to be 2%, 9.6% and 7.14%, respectively. D₀of MCF-7 was 220 cGy and the SF in the cells irradiated by 1 Gy and 10 Gy doses were 0.8 and 0.0001, respectively. The estimated variances were 2%, 11.1% and 8.4%, between 24 h and 72 h post-radiation apoptosis death for 1, 6, and 10 Gy, respectively. Conclusions: The dose and time dependence inducing apoptotic death was significant (P = 0.001). The delayed mortality and apoptosis was observed in MCF-7 cell, but the variance of total cell death and apoptosis in 24 and 72 h post-radiation with 6 Gy was obviously more than that with other doses.

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Background: Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in locally advanced breast cancer is the present trend. Following NAC, a considerable alteration of morphology occurs in the tumor. Aims: To study effects of NAC on morphology of breast carcinoma and to evaluate the pathologic response (PR).Materials and Methods: A total of 39 surgically resected mastectomy specimens of patients of invasive locally advanced breast carcinoma who received NAC were evaluated for macroscopic and microscopic (by routine stains and immunohistochemistry) alteration of morphology. Results: Macroscopically well-defined tumor noted in 25 cases (64.1%) and in the rest (14 cases, 35.9%), only fibrotic areas identified. Microscopic examination identified malignant cells in 29 (74.4%), significant chronic inflammation in 24 (61.5%), hyalinized fibrosed stroma in 25 (64.1%) and necrosis in 11 (28.2%) cases. Immunohistochemistry assisted in differentiating malignant cells from histiocytes. In 15 cases (38.5%), axillary lymph nodes isolated where fibrosis seen in 12 (30.8%) and malignant cell in 8 (20.5%) cases. In 34 cases where the pre-treatment biopsy were available, complete pathologic response (pCR) and partial pathologic response (pPR) were achieved in 7 (20.6%) and 23 (67.4%) cases respectively. Discussion: Protocol of systematic evaluation of morphological changes is different in cases of a patient treated by NAC. Nature of malignancy was difficult to categorize as morphology of typical breast carcinomas were altered. Sometimes, immunohistochemistry is advantageous as routine H and E stains are not sufficient to isolate malignant cells in fibrotic and necrotic areas. Appropriate morphological evaluation of the mastectomy specimen is absolutely crucial for assessment of PR and subsequent management.

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Context: Carcinoma of the breast is one of the most common malignant tumors and is the most common cause of death from cancers in females. Early diagnosis and assessing the prognosis for each patient is essential for a better therapeutic plan and management. Aims: To evaluate the significance of various prognostic indicators of breast carcinoma by correlating with Nottingham modification of Scarff Bloom-Richardson's grading system (NMBGS). Materials and Methods: Eighty four patients who underwent mastectomy for breast carcinoma at a tertiary care centre in South India over a period of 2 years have been evaluated to note the importance of the various prognostic factors correlating them with NMBGS. Statistical Analysis: A Chi-square test was used to determine possible association between the various prognostic factors. Results: Eighty percent of the tumors were infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC), and it is seen that the larger tumor size, higher histopathological grade, increased lymphovascular invasion, lymphnode metastasis, tumor necrosis, microvessel density, estrogen and progesterone receptor negativity, and HER-2/neu positivity were associated with higher grade of tumor. Conclusions: The traditional morphological factors including the histological type, grade, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node status, presence of necrosis, stromal reaction, and microvascular density (MVD) count are relatively simple but robust prognostic factors to assess, while the hormonal and genetic status not only have prognostic value but are useful predictive marker for adjuvant chemotherapy. Hence, the status of these various prognostic factors should form the basis of all routine histopathological reports in cases of breast cancer for better management.

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Background and Aim: Given the importance of papanicolaou (Pap) test in the early detection and timely treatment of cervical cancer, present study was designed to determine predictors of a sample of Iranian women's intention to first Pap test practice based on the protection motivation theory (PMT) variables. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 240 women referral to the 30 primary health care clinics were selected. They completed a developed scale based on PMT variables including intention, perceived vulnerability and severity, fear, response costs, response efficacy and self-efficacy. Path analysis was used to determine the association between predictive factors and intention. Results: The results showed that PMT had goodness of fit with a χ²/df = 2.37, df = 28, P= 0.001 and RMSEA = 0.076. PMT explained 42% of the variance in women's intention to get first Pap smear test. Self-efficacy (b = 0.55, P< 0.001) and response efficacy (b = 0.19, P< 0.001) were found to be the predictors of intention. Conclusion: These findings may be used to develop tailored, theory-based educational interventions associated with Pap testing among women.

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Background: Although conventional four- field radiotherapy based on bony landmarks has been traditionally used, areas of geographical miss due to individual variation in pelvic anatomy have been identified with advanced imaging techniques. AIMS: The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the geographical miss in patientswhen using the conventional four-field planningplanning and to find out the impact of 3-D conformal CT based in patients with locally advanced carcinoma cervix.Materials and Methods: In 50 patients, target volume delineation was done on planning computed tomography (CT) scans, according to guidelines by Taylor et al. Patients were treated with modified four field plan, except for the superior, where field border was kept at L4-L5 interspace A dosimetric comparison was done between the conventional four-field based on bony landmarks and the target volume delineated on computed tomography. The disease free survival, pelvic and para aortic nodal free survival, distant failures free survival were calculated using Kaplan Meir Product Limit Method. Results: Patients were followed-up for a median period of 11 months. The median V95 for conventional and modified extended four field plans were 89.4% and 91.3% respectively. Patients with V95 for modified extended pelvic fields less than 91.3% had a trend toward inferior disease free survival (mean DFS 9.8 vs. 13.9 months) though the difference was not statistically significant log rank test.Conclusions: Our preliminary data shows trend toward lower DFS in patients with inadequate target volume coverage. We recommend routine use of CT based planning for four field technique.

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Background: Lung cancer most commonly presents in advanced stages in developing countries, where combined modality treatment using chemo-radiotherapy (CTRT) is the standard of care. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of patients of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated at a single Institute from January 2008 to December 2012 was conducted. Various prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were studied by univariate and multivariate analysis. All patients were meticulously followed-up clinically and telephonic contacts. Results: Overall 171 patients of NSCLC were treated with definitive CTRT using concurrent chemotherapy in 66% patients and sequential therapy in 28% patients. The actuarial 2 years DFS was 17.5% and 2 years OS was 61.5%. Complete response to treatment resulted in significantly better DFS and OS. Definitive CTRT was very well-tolerated in these patients with good compliance. Conclusion: Definitive CTRT, sequence being individualized depending on performance status and disease stage at presentation, is a feasible and effective treatment modality for locally advanced NSCLC patients in the developing world. Response to treatment is an important prognostic factor for treatment outcomes.

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Purpose: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the effects of radiotherapy (RT) on psychiatric disorder in patients undergoing RT for head and neck cancer. Materials and Methods: The prospective study included 51 patients with head and neck cancer. The diagnosis of psychiatric disorder was made by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4^th edition criteria. Severity of psychopathology was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Results: Although HAM-D score increased after RT (from 4 [0-26] to 7 [0-24]), this increase was not significant (P = 0.108). Fourteen (27.5%) of 51 patients had a psychiatric disorder before RT treatment; adjustment disorder in 6, depression in 4, sleep disorder in 3, anxiety disorder in 1 patient. On the other hand, 16 (31.4%) of 51 patients had a psychiatric disorder after RT treatment; adjustment disorder in 6, depression in 5, sleep disorder in 4, anxiety disorder in 1 patient. There was no significant difference between two periods in terms of the prevalence of psychiatric disorder (P = 0.721). Conclusions: The presence of psychiatric disorder was high in patients with head and neck cancer even before RT. Similarly, its high rate continued after RT. However, there is no significant effect of RT on development of psychiatric disorder.

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Aim of Study: Breast conserving surgery (BCS) is the standard treatment for stage I and II breast cancer. Multiple studies have shown that recurrences after lumpectomy occur mainly in or near the tumor bed. Use of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) allows for significant reduction in the overall treatment time that results in increasing patient compliance and decreasing healthcare costs. We conducted a treatment planning study to evaluate the role of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with regards to three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) in APBI. Materials and Methods: Computed tomography planning data sets of 33 patients (20 right sided and 13 left sided) with tumor size less than 3 cm and negative axillary lymph nodes were used for our study. Tumor location was upper outer, upper inner, central, lower inner, and lower outer quadrants in 10, 10, 5, 4 and 4 patients, respectively. Multiple 3DCRT and IMRT plans were created for each patient. Total dose of 38.5 Gy in 10 fractions were planned. Dosimetric analysis was done for the best 3DCRT and IMRT plans. Results: The target coverage has been achieved by both the methods but IMRT provided better coverage (P = 0.04) with improved conformity index (P = 0.01). Maximum doses were well controlled in IMRT to below 108% (P < 0.01). Heart V2 Gy (P < 0.01), lung V5 Gy (P = 0.01), lung V10 Gy (P = 0.02), contralateral breast V1 Gy (P < 0.01), contralateral lung V2 Gy (P < 0.01), and ipsilateral uninvolved breast (P < 0.01) doses were higher with 3DCRT compared to IMRT. Conclusion: Dosimetrically, IMRT–APBI provided best target coverage with less dose to normal tissues compared with 3DCRT-APBI.

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Aim: Patient satisfaction is increasingly being identified as an important benchmark in health care industry. Studies addressing patients' perceptions of quality are available but there is paucity of data regarding the perception of health care providers towards their own services. This study was undertaken to compare the satisfaction level between the patients and the staff from a Radiation Oncology Department.Materials and Methods: A common 16-item questionnaire addressing various aspects of patient care was served to 40 patients and 40 staff members. The responses were statistically evaluated to assess the satisfaction level among the two groups and the scores were compared to assess the agreement between two groups.Results: Overall, satisfaction level of both groups regarding quality of services ranged from “good” to “excellent”. A high level of agreement was observed between the two groups. The physician's ability to give an explanation to patients, helping attitude of the staff and the staff's concern for patient safety were the most satisfying features of the department while inconvenience during scheduling of appointments, billing and registration process, status of the changing rooms and inter-department coordination were the least satisfying features.Conclusion: A high level of satisfaction may be achieved from the consumers if service providers are trained to assess the needs and expectations of consumers and to critically evaluate themselves. The service provider's perception regarding their own services may serve as a preliminary indicator of overall quality. Future studies with more participants in different setting may further explore this hypothesis.

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology, management, and association with clinical significant histopathology including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II or adenocarcinoma in situ and more severe lesions. Materials and Methods: Women with abnormal cervical cytology from January 2005 to December 2009 were identified from the archives of Department of Anatomical Pathology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Demographic data, type of abnormal cytology, management, and their associated histopathology were collected. Results: During the study period: 2533/54,179 women (4.7%) had abnormal cervical Pap test. Squamous lesions were more common than glandular lesions: 2309 (4.3%) compared to 224 (0.4%). Atypical squamous cell (ASC) was most commonly found (1449 or 2.7%), whereas low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (HSIL), or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were found in 648 (1.2%) and 212 (0.4%), respectively. Among abnormal glandular cytology, atypical glandular cell (AGC) was most commonly found (199 women or 0.4%) whereas adenocarcinoma and endometrial cell in woman aged >40 year were found in only 14 (0.02%) and 11 women (0.02%), respectively. Majority (77.3%) underwent further investigations. We found that 13.0% of ASC, 20.3% of LSIL, and 78.7% of HSIL and SCC had clinical significant histopathology. In glandular abnormalities: 14.9% of AGC, 33.3% of women aged >40 years with endometrial cell, and 66.7% of adenocarcinoma were histologically proven to be of clinical significant. Conclusions: ASC was the most common abnormal cervical cytology. Cytology abnormalities of HSIL and SCC had the highest association with clinical significant histopathology.

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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a pharmaceutical class of small molecules, orally available with manageable safety profile, approved worldwide for the treatment of several neoplasms, including lung, breast, kidney and pancreatic cancer as well as gastro-intestinal stromal tumours and chronic myeloid leukaemia. In recent years, management of lung cancer has been moving towards molecular-guided treatment, and the best example of this new approach is the use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The identification of molecular predictors of response can allow the selection of patients who will be the most likely to respond to these tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) are frequently observed in patients receiving EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and are most impactful on the patient's quality of life. Dermatologic side effects are also relatively common among patients treated with EGFR inhibitors. Evidence has emerged in recent years to suggest that the incidence and severity of rash, positively correlated with response to treatment.These skin disorders are generally mild or moderate in severity and can be managed by appropriate interventions or by reducing or interrupting the dose. Appropriate and timely management make it possible to continue a patient's quality of life and maintain compliance; however if these adverse events (AEs) are not managed appropriately, and become more severe, treatment cessation may be warranted compromising clinical outcome. Strategies to improve the assessment and management of TKI related skin AEs are therefore essential to ensure compliance with TKI therapy, thereby enabling patients to achieve optimal benefits. This article provides a consensus on practical recommendation for the prevention and management of diarrhoea and rash in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving TKIs.

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Introduction: To audit the survival outcomes and loco-regional control in muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer patients treated with external beam radiation therapy (RT). Materials and Methods: From November 2008 through December 2011, 50 consecutively diagnosed muscle invasive urinary bladder carcinoma (T2-4a N0-2, M0) patients were included in this retrospective study. All these patients received external beam RT to a median dose of 60 Gy (range 30-66 Gy), and were not suitable for radical surgery due to patients' preference or medical comorbidities. A stepwise procedure using proportional hazard regression was used to identify prognostic factors with respect to survival. Results: Completion trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor was done in 38 (76%) patients of the cohort and 47 (94%) had transitional cell carcinoma on histopathology. Clinical stage T2 was diagnosed in 40 (80%) patients. The median follow-up for the entire cohort was 14 ± 8.9 months (range 1-36 months). In conclusion, 24 patients (48%) were free of disease, 5 patients (10%) had residual disease, and 13 patients (26%) had died of disease. Two-year and 3 year overall survival of intact bladder for the entire cohort was 58% and 43.6%, respectively. Cox regression modeling strongly suggested clinical stage (P = 0.01) and RT dose (P = 0.001) as being predictors for overall survival. Conclusion: RT shows reliable outcomes and excellent compliance in this advanced disease. Prescribing a higher RT dose could potentially correlate to better intact bladder control rates while maintaining good quality of life in selected patients.

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Objective: To study the distribution of cancers among females with particular emphasis on cancer cervix in Kashmiri population, which is geographically and socio-culturally distinct from the rest of India. Materials and Methods: All patient records were screened from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2011 at Regional Cancer Centre, Srinagar. Most common cancers among females were recorded and analysis of cancer cervix cases was performed. Results: Female cancers comprised of 40% of total cancers with oesophageal and breast cancer as most common malignancies. Cancer cervix did not figure in top ten cancers and only 45 (0.01%) cases were recorded of the total of 3084 adult female cancers. Conclusion: We conclude that due to different socio-cultural and sexual practices, this cancer is highly uncommon in Kashmir and screening or possibly should be directed specifically at only high risk selective subjects.

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Introduction: The present study was done to know the various histopathological variants in cervical lesions, to know the age incidence and to know the preventive measures and early detection of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective and prospective study done on all the hysterectomy specimens and on punch biopsy samples sent for histopathology. We studied a total of 500 cases for a period of 3 years. Results: Out of the 500 cases, 395 cases were non-neoplastic and 105 cases were neoplastic lesions. Chronic cervicitis was the most common non-neoplastic lesion and large cell non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion. Conclusion: The main aim of presenting this study is to highlight the various histopthological variants, age incidence and to educate about the preventive measures and early detection of cervical cancer.

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Objectives: Loss of Tumor Suppressor in Lung Cancer 1(TSLC1) was observed in many different cancers, but there were only limited research on TSLC1 gene and its roles in cancer suppression in ovarian cancer. This study explores the relationship between TSLC1 gene expression and the ovarian epithelial cancer. Materials and Methods: Expression levels of TSLC1 were detected by immunohistochemical staining on formal-fixed paraffin embedded pathological specimen. A total of 259 samples were collected, including 24 benign ovarian tumor and 235 malignant ovarian cancers among them. Results: Suppressed expression of TSLC1 protein was observed in 87.8% of poorly differentiated, 85.1% of moderately differentiated, and 46% of well differentiated ovarian epithelial cancers, respectively. There were none suppressed TSLC1 expression in benign ovarian tumor. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant association between the expression levels of TSLC1 gene and the degree of ovarian cancer differentiation (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Decreased expression of TSLC1 is associated with the differentiation in ovarian epithelial cancer. TSLC1 might be used as a molecular marker of severity in early stage ovarian cancer, and to help differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors.

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Aim: Retrospective study of cases of choroidal melanoma examined at the 1^st Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association, during the 10-year period, from January 2002 to December 2011. Materials and Methods: The study group consists of 84 patients (84 eyes) with newly diagnosed choroidal melanoma. The documentation of the location and the dimensions of the melanomas, based on B-Ultrasonography findings (apical height, diameter), were included. A total of 58 patients were referred to a specialized center abroad for conservative irradiation therapy. Twenty six eyes were enucleated due to large size of the tumor and the histopathological type was determined. Results: Of the 84 cases, 44 were located at the posterior pole while 40 anteriorly. Based on size, 6% (5/84) were small, 58% (49/84) were medium and 36% (30/84) large. Based on the histopathological analysis of 22 of the 26 eyes enucleated, 36% were mixed-cell, 32% were spindle cell and 27% were epithelioid cell melanomas. Conclusions: Our study is the first documentation and classification of newly diagnosed cases of choroidal melanomas. The large number of mandatory enucleations, due to large size, is surprising. Patients need to be better informed about preventive fundoscopy for diagnosis of asymptomatic melanoma at an earlier stage.

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Objective: Diagnostic whole body scan (pre-therapy scan) with either I-123 or I-131 (radioactive isotopes of iodine) is performed to assess the extent of thyroid cancer especially distant metastasis prior to administering the therapeutic dose of I-131. Our aim of the following study was to determine the utility of the diagnostic pre-therapy scan in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Materials and Methods: It was a case-control study carried out by retrospective chart review, of a randomly selected 100 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who had followed in our community hospital over the course of 1 year. We collected data on multiple variables in the subjects - including age, gender, pre-operative size of the nodules, diagnosis, stage of the malignancy, size of the tumor, multifocality, lymphovascular invasion, dose of radioiodine used for remnant ablation, recurrence rates and persistence rates. Continuous variables were compared using the independent sample Mann-Whitney U-test whereas the Chi-square test was used for nominal variables. Results: The mean dose of radioactive iodine administered was 97.56 (±27.98) in the pre-therapy scan group and it was 97.23 (±32.40) in the control group. There was no difference between the two groups (P - 0.45). There was also no difference in the recurrence rates between the groups (P = 1.0). There was a trend toward a higher degree of persistent cancer in the group that had the pre-therapy scans (P - 0.086). Conclusion: Pre-therapy scan may not affect the dose of radio-iodine I-131 used for remnant ablation of differentiated thyroid cancer and does not influence the recurrence rates. This was especially true with respect to I-131 remnant ablation for low risk tumors.

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Background: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an effective and established modern technology now used more commonly. Radiation oncology personnel's (ROP) opinion toward SBRT in the developing countries like India is unknown. Subjects and Methods: A 30 question survey evaluating ROP's profile, technological details, and SBRT's perceptive were seeked. Tata Memorial Center – ROP's email database was used. Results: Survey questionnaire was emailed to 500 ROP's and 224 ROP's were contactable. Majority of the responders were from corporate hospitals and half of responders had experience of 5 or more years of experience in radiation oncology. SBRT was practiced by 70% of responders and the majority had adopted SBRT in 2010 or later. Quick turn around time, high dose delivery and competitive market forces were major factors to adopt SBRT. Lung was the most common site practiced followed by prostate, spine, and liver. All SBRT users were keen to increase SBRT in practice and the majority of non-responders were planning to adapt SBRT in the recent future. Almost half of SBRT users were willing to share data and expertise for training others. Lack of infrastructure was the prime reason for not practicing SBRT. ROP's perceived physics, radiobiology as the biggest challenge in SBRT. International collaboration may be helpful. Conclusion: Use of SBRT is expected to increase in India. Limited experience with lack of infrastructure in public funded centers is a major limitation. Unmet need of infrastructure, training and guidelines is enormous and formulation of Indian SBRT consortium will help reforming at all levels.

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